Kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito glacial acetic acid

Kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito glacial acetic acid

Acetic acid, wotchedwansoasidi asidi, glacial asidi asidi, chilinganizo cha mankhwalaCH3COOH, ndi organic monic acid ndi short-chain saturated fatty acid, yomwe ndi gwero la asidi ndi fungo lopweteka mu viniga. Nthawi zonse, amatchedwa “asidi asidi", koma asidi wangwiro ndi pafupifupi anhydrous acetic (osakwana 1% madzi) amatchedwa "glacial asidi asidi", yomwe ndi yolimba yopanda mtundu ya hygroscopic yokhala ndi kuzizira kwa 16 mpaka 17° C (62° F), ndipo pambuyo pa kulimba, ndi kristalo wopanda mtundu. Ngakhale kuti acetic acid ndi asidi wofooka, amawononga, nthunzi yake imakwiyitsa maso ndi mphuno, ndipo imanunkhiza ndi kuwawasa.

mbiri

Kufunika kwapachaka padziko lonse lapansiasidi asidi ndi pafupifupi matani 6.5 miliyoni. Mwa izi, matani pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni amasinthidwanso ndipo matani 5 miliyoni otsala amapangidwa mwachindunji kuchokera kumafuta amafuta amafuta kapena kudzera mu nayonso mphamvu yachilengedwe.

Theglacial asidi asidi mabakiteriya owotchera (Acetobacter) amapezeka m'makona onse a dziko lapansi, ndipo mtundu uliwonse umapeza vinyo wosasa popanga vinyo - ndi chilengedwe cha zakumwa zoledzeretsa zomwe zimawululidwa ndi mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, ku China, pali mwambi wakuti mwana wa Du Kang, Black Tower, adalandira vinyo wosasa chifukwa adapanga vinyo kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kugwiritsa ntchitoglacial asidi asidimu chemistry inayamba kale kwambiri. M'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, wafilosofi wachi Greek Theophrastus adalongosola mwatsatanetsatane momwe asidi acetic amachitira ndi zitsulo kuti apange ma pigment omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu luso, kuphatikizapo white lead (lead carbonate) ndi patina (kusakaniza kwa mchere wamkuwa kuphatikizapo acetate yamkuwa). Aroma akale ankaphika vinyo wowawasa m’mitsuko ya mtovu kuti apange madzi otsekemera kwambiri otchedwa sapa. sapa anali wochulukira mu shuga wonunkhira wonunkhira bwino, lead acetate, amene anayambitsa poizoni wa mtovu pakati pa nduna zachiroma. M’zaka za m’ma 800, katswiri wa mankhwala wa ku Perisiya, dzina lake Jaber, anaika asidi acetic mu vinyo wosasa ndi distillation.

Mu 1847, wasayansi waku Germany, Adolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, adapanga acetic acid kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera ku zinthu zosakhala zachilengedwe. Mchitidwe wa zimenezi ndi woyamba mpweya disulfide mwa chlorination mu mpweya tetrachloride, kenako mkulu-kutentha kuwonongeka kwa tetrachlorethylene pambuyo hydrolysis, ndi chlorination, motero kubala trichloroacetic asidi, sitepe yotsiriza ndi kuchepetsa electrolytic kutulutsa asidi asidi.

Mu 1910, ambiri a iwoglacial asidi asidi ankatengedwa ku phula la malasha kuchokera ku nkhuni zobwezeredwa. Choyamba, phula la malasha limathandizidwa ndi calcium hydroxide, kenako calcium acetate yomwe imapangidwa ndi sulfuric acid kuti ipeze acetic acid mmenemo. Pafupifupi matani 10,000 a glacial acetic acid adapangidwa ku Germany panthawiyi, 30% yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga utoto wa indigo.

kukonzekera

Glacial acetic acid akhoza kukonzekera ndi yokumba kaphatikizidwe ndi bacteria nayonso mphamvu. Masiku ano, biosynthesis, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mabakiteriya, imapanga 10% yokha ya dziko lonse lapansi, koma akadali njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira viniga, chifukwa malamulo a chitetezo cha chakudya m'mayiko ambiri amafuna kuti viniga mu chakudya azikonzekera biologically. 75% yaasidi asidi ntchito mafakitale amapangidwa ndi carbonylation wa methanol. Zigawo zopanda kanthu zimapangidwa ndi njira zina.

ntchito

Glacial acetic acid ndi asidi wamba wa carboxylic, wopangidwa ndi gulu limodzi la methyl ndi gulu limodzi la carboxylic, ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chamankhwala. M'makampani opanga mankhwala, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga polyethylene terephthalate, chigawo chachikulu cha mabotolo a zakumwa.Glacial acetic acid amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mapadi acetate filimu ndi polyvinyl acetate zomatira matabwa, komanso ulusi wopangidwa ndi nsalu zambiri. M'nyumba, kuchepetsa njira ya glacial asidi asidinthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotsitsa chotsitsa. M'makampani azakudya, asidi acetic amatchulidwa ngati chowongolera acidity pamndandanda wazowonjezera E260.

Glacial acetic acidndiye reagent yamankhwala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kwa asidi asidi ndikukonzekera vinyl acetate monomer, kenako kukonzekera acetic anhydride ndi esters ena. Theasidi asidi mu vinyo wosasa muli gawo laling'ono la zonseglacial asidi asidi.

Njira yothira acetic acid imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chochotsa dzimbiri chifukwa cha acidity yake yochepa. Asidi ake amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza mbola zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi Cubomedusae ndipo, ngati zitagwiritsidwa ntchito pakapita nthawi, zimatha kuteteza kuvulala koopsa kapena imfa mwa kulepheretsa maselo oluma a jellyfish. Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito pokonzekera zochizira otitis kunja ndi Vosol.Acetic acid amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala osungira kuti alepheretse kukula kwa mabakiteriya ndi bowa.