Kuvuta kwa silage ndi kosiyana chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, siteji ya kukula ndi mankhwala. Pazomera zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzipanga silage (zakudya zochepa zama carbohydrate, madzi ochulukirapo, kusungika kwambiri), silaji yowuma pang'ono, silaji wosakanikirana kapena silaji yowonjezera amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuwonjezera kwa methyl (ant) asidi silage ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ya asidi silage kunja. Pafupifupi ma silage 70 aku Norway awonjezedwaasidi formic, United Kingdom kuyambira 1968 yakhala ikugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri, mlingo wake ndi 2.85 kg pa tani imodzi ya silage85 formic acid, United States pa tani imodzi ya silage yaiwisi inawonjezera 90 formic acid 4.53 kg. Inde, kuchuluka kwaasidi formiczimasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwake, zovuta za silage ndi cholinga cha silage, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumakhala 0.3 mpaka 0.5 ya kulemera kwa silage, kapena 2 mpaka 4ml/kg.
1
Formic acid ndi asidi wamphamvu mu organic zidulo, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu kuchepetsa mphamvu, ndi-zipatso za coking. Kuwonjezera kwaasidi formic Ndi bwino kuposa kuwonjezera ma inorganic acids monga H2SO4 ndi HCl, chifukwa ma inorganic acid amangokhala ndi acidifying, komanso asidi formic sangachepetse pH mtengo wa silage, komanso kuletsa kupuma kwa zomera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (Clostridium, bacillus ndi mabakiteriya ena a gram-negative). Kuphatikiza apo,asidi formic ikhoza kuwola kukhala CO2 ndi CH4 yopanda poizoni pa ziweto panthawi ya silage ndi rumen digestion, ndiasidi formic lokha lingathenso kutengeka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Silage yopangidwa ndi formic acid imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wowala, kununkhira komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni ndi 0.3 ~ 0.5 okha, pomwe silage nthawi zambiri imakhala mpaka 1.1 ~ 1.3. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezera formic acid ku alfalfa ndi clover silage, ulusi wamafutawo unachepetsedwa ndi 5.2 ~ 6.4, ndipo ulusi wocheperako wocheperako udasinthidwa kukhala oligosaccharides, womwe umatha kuyamwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama, pomwe ulusi wambiri udachepetsedwa. pa 1.1-1.3. Komanso, kuwonjezeraasidi formicku silage kungapangitse kutaya kwa carotene, vitamini C, calcium, phosphorous ndi zakudya zina zochepa kuposa silage wamba.
2
2.1 Zotsatira za formic acid pa pH
Ngakhaleasidi formic ndi acidic kwambiri m'banja lamafuta acid, ndi ofooka kwambiri kuposa ma inorganic acid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito munjira ya AIV. Kuchepetsa pH ya mbewu kukhala pansi pa 4.0,asidi formic nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira. Kuwonjezedwa kwa formic acid kungathe kuchepetsa pH mtengo mofulumira kumayambiriro kwa silage, koma kumakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa pH yomaliza ya silage. Digiri yomweasidi formic kusintha pH kumakhudzidwanso ndi zinthu zambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya a lactic acid (LAB) kunatsika ndi theka ndipo pH ya silage idakwera pang'ono powonjezera.85 formic acid4ml/kg kuti adyetse silage. Liti asidi formic (5ml/kg) anawonjezedwa ku forage silage, LAB inatsika ndi 55 ndipo pH inakwera kuchoka pa 3.70 kufika pa 3.91. Chitsanzo zotsatira zaasidi formic pa zinthu zopangira silage zomwe zili ndi low water soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Mu kafukufukuyu, adachiritsa alfa alfa silage yokhala ndi milingo yotsika (1.5ml/kg), sing'anga (3.0ml/kg), ndi yokwera (6.0ml/kg)85 formic acid. Zotsatira pH inali yotsika kuposa ya gulu lolamulira, koma ndi kuwonjezeka kwaasidi formicndende, pH idatsika kuchokera ku 5.35 mpaka 4.20. Kwa mbewu zambiri zotetezedwa, monga udzu wa nyemba, asidi ambiri amafunikira kuti pH itsike pamlingo womwe ukufunidwa. Akuti mulingo woyenera wogwiritsira ntchito nyemba ndi 5 ~ 6ml/kg.
2.2 Zotsatira zaasidi formic pa microflora
Monga ena mafuta zidulo, antibacterial zotsatira zaasidi formic ndi chifukwa cha zotsatira ziwiri, imodzi ndi zotsatira za ndende ya haidrojeni ion, ndipo ina ndiyo kusankha kwa ma asidi opanda ufulu kwa mabakiteriya. Mumtundu womwewo wamafuta acid, ndende ya hydrogen ion imachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo, koma mphamvu ya antibacterial imawonjezeka, ndipo katunduyu amatha kukwera mpaka C12 acid. Izo zinatsimikiziridwa kutiasidi formic inali ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zolepheretsa kukula kwa bakiteriya pamene pH yamtengo wapatali inali 4. Njira yotsetsereka ya mbale yotsetsereka inayesa ntchito ya antimicrobialasidi formicndipo adapeza kuti mitundu yosankhidwa ya Pediococcus ndi Streptococcus yonse idaletsedwaasidi formicmlingo wa 4.5 ml / kg. Komabe, lactobacilli (L. Buchneri L. Cesei ndi L. platarum) sizinalepheretsedwe kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ya Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, ndi B. Brevis idatha kukula mu 4.5ml/kg ya asidi formic. Kuwonjezera kwa 85 asidi formic(4ml/kg) ndi 50 sulfuric acid (3ml/kg), motero, inachepetsa pH ya silage kuti ikhale yofanana, ndipo anapeza kuti formic acid imalepheretsa kwambiri ntchito ya LAB (66g/kgDM mu gulu la formic acid, 122 mu gulu lolamulira. , 102 mu gulu la sulfuric acid), motero kusunga kuchuluka kwa WSC (211g / kg mu gulu la formic acid, 12 mu gulu lolamulira, 12 mu gulu la asidi). Gulu la sulfuric acid ndi 64), lomwe limatha kupereka mphamvu zowonjezera kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikule. Yisiti ali ndi kulolerana kwapadera kwaasidi formic, ndipo zambiri za zamoyo zimenezi anapezeka silage zopangira mankhwala ndi milingo analimbikitsaasidi formic. Kukhalapo ndi ntchito ya yisiti mu silage siyenera. Pansi pazikhalidwe za anaerobic, yisiti imawotcha shuga kuti ipeze mphamvu, kupanga ethanol ndikuchepetsa zinthu zouma.Formic acid ali ndi chopinga chachikulu pa Clostridium difficile ndi mabakiteriya m'mimba, koma mphamvu ya zotsatira zimadalira ndende ya asidi ntchito, ndi otsika ndende yaasidi formic kwenikweni kulimbikitsa kukula kwa heterobacteria ena. Pankhani yoletsa enterobacter, kuwonjezera kwaasidi formic pH yafupika, koma chiwerengero cha enterobacter sichinachepe, koma kukula msanga kwa mabakiteriya a lactic acid kunalepheretsa enterobacter, chifukwa zotsatira zaasidi formic pa enterobacter inali yocheperapo kuposa mabakiteriya a lactic acid. Iwo adanena kuti zolimbitsa thupi (3 mpaka 4ml/kg) waasidi formic imatha kuletsa mabakiteriya a lactic acid kuposa enterobacter, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta pa nayonso mphamvu; Kukwera pang'ono asidi formic Milingo imalepheretsa onse Lactobacillus ndi enterobacter. Kupyolera mu kafukufuku wa ryegrass osatha wokhala ndi 360g/kg ya DM, zidapezeka kutiasidi formic (3.5g/kg) akhoza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha tizilombo, koma ali ndi zotsatira zochepa pa ntchito ya lactic asidi mabakiteriya. Mitolo ikuluikulu ya nyemba (DM 25, DM 35, DM 40) silage inathandizidwa ndi formic acid (4.0 ml/kg, 8.0ml/kg). Silageyo adathiridwa ndi clostridium ndi Aspergillus flavus. Pambuyo masiku 120,asidi formic zinalibe zotsatira pa chiwerengero cha clostridium, koma anali ndi chopinga kwathunthu pa yotsirizira.Formic acid imalimbikitsanso kukula kwa mabakiteriya a Fusarium.
2.3 Zotsatira zaFormic acidpa kapangidwe ka silage Zotsatira zaasidi formic pa mankhwala a silaji amasiyana malinga ndi mlingo wa ntchito, mitundu ya zomera, siteji ya kukula, DM ndi WSC content, ndi ndondomeko ya silage.
Mu zipangizo kukolola ndi unyolo flail, otsikaasidi formic Mankhwalawa sagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi Clostridium, omwe amalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, ndipo ma asidi a formic okha amatha kusungidwa bwino. Ndi zida zodulidwa bwino, silage yonse yokhala ndi formic acid imasungidwa bwino. Zomwe zili mu DM, protein nitrogen ndi lactic acid muasidi formicgulu linawonjezeka, pamene nkhani zaasidi asidi ndi ammonia nayitrogeni wachepetsedwa. Ndi kuchuluka kwaasidi formic kukhazikika,asidi asidi ndipo lactic acid idachepa, WSC ndi protein nayitrogeni zidawonjezeka. Litiasidi formic (4.5ml/kg) anawonjezera kuti nyemba silage, poyerekeza ndi gulu ulamuliro, zili asidi lactic utachepa pang'ono, sungunuka shuga kuchuluka, ndi zigawo zina sanasinthe kwambiri. Liti asidi formic anawonjezeredwa ku mbewu zolemera mu WSC, lactic acid fermentation inali yaikulu ndipo silage ankasungidwa bwino.Formic acid kuchepetsa kupanga kwaasidi asidi ndi lactic acid ndi WSC yosungidwa. Gwiritsani ntchito milingo 6 (0, 0.4, 1.0,. Ryegrass-clover silage yokhala ndi DM yokwanira 203g/kg idathandizidwa ndiasidi formic (85)2.0, 4.1, 7.7ml/kg. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti WSC idakula ndi kuchuluka kwa acidic acid, ammonia nitrogen ndi acetic acid m'malo mwake, ndipo zomwe zili mu lactic acid zidachulukira poyamba kenako zidachepa. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti pamene milingo yayikulu (4.1 ndi 7.7ml/kg) yaasidi formic zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zili mu WSC mu silage zinali 211 ndi 250g/kgDM, motsatana, zomwe zidaposa WSC yoyamba ya silage (199g/kgDM). Zimaganiziridwa kuti chifukwa chake chikhoza kukhala hydrolysis ya polysaccharides panthawi yosungirako. Zotsatira The lactic acid,asidi asidi ndi ammonia nayitrogeni wa silage muasidi formicgulu anali otsika pang'ono kuposa omwe ali mu gulu lolamulira, koma anali ndi zotsatira zochepa pa zigawo zina. Barele ndi chimanga chonse zomwe zidakololedwa pakukula kwa sera zidathiridwa ndi 85 formic acid (0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5mlkg-1), ndipo shuga wosungunuka mu silage wa chimanga adawonjezeka kwambiri, pomwe zomwe zili mu lactic acid, acetic acid ndi ammonia nayitrogeni wachepetsedwa. Zomwe zili mu lactic acid mu balere silage zidachepa kwambiri, ammonia nitrogen ndiasidi asidi idatsikanso, koma sizikuwonekeratu, ndipo shuga wosungunuka adakula.
3
Kuyesera kunatsimikizira kwathunthu kuti kuwonjezera kwa asidi formicsilage inali yopindulitsa kupititsa patsogolo chakudya chodzifunira cha silage youma ndi ntchito zoweta. Kuwonjezeraasidi formicsilage mwachindunji pambuyo pa kukolola kungapangitse kuoneka kwa digestibility kwa organic matter 7, pamene wilting silage imangowonjezera 2. Pamene mphamvu ya digestibility imaganiziridwa, chithandizo cha formic acid chimakhala bwino ndi zosakwana 2. Pambuyo poyesera zambiri, amakhulupirira kuti deta organic digestibility ndi kukondera chifukwa kutaya nayonso mphamvu. Kuyesa kudyetsa kunawonetsanso kuti kulemera kwapakati pa ziweto kunali 71 ndipo kuti wilting silage inali 27. Kuphatikiza apo, formic acid silage imapangitsa kuti mkaka ukhale wabwino2. Kudyetsa zoyesera ndi udzu ndi formic acid zokonzedwa ndi zopangira zomwezo zidawonetsa kuti silage imatha kuwonjezera zokolola zamkaka za ng'ombe zamkaka. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ntchito muasidi formic chithandizo chinali chochepa mu kupanga mkaka kusiyana ndi kulemera. Kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa asidi a formic ku zomera zovuta (monga udzu, nyemba) zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoonekeratu pakugwira ntchito kwa ziweto. Zotsatira zaasidi formic mankhwala a alfa alfa silage (3.63 ~ 4.8ml / kg) anasonyeza kuti organic digestibility, youma kudya ndi phindu la tsiku ndi tsiku formic acid silage ng'ombe ndi nkhosa anali kwambiri kuposa omwe ali mu gulu lolamulira.
Kupindula kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa nkhosa mu gulu lolamulira ngakhale kunasonyeza kuwonjezeka koipa. Kuphatikiza kwa formic acid ku zomera zolemera za WSC zomwe zili ndi DM yapakati (190-220g / kg) nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa ntchito za ziweto. Ryegrass silage yokhala ndi formic acid (2.6ml/kg) idachitika pakuyesa kuyesa. Ngakhaleasidi formic silage yowonjezera kulemera kwa 11 poyerekeza ndi kulamulira, kusiyana kwake sikunali kwakukulu. Kugaya kwa ma silage awiri omwe amayezedwa mu nkhosa kunali kofanana. Kudyetsa chimanga silage kwa ng'ombe zamkaka kunasonyeza izoasidi formickuchuluka pang'ono kwa silage youma kudya, koma sikunakhudze kupanga mkaka. Pali chidziwitso chochepa pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuformic acid silage. Poyesa nkhosa, mphamvu ya metabolizable ya zinthu zowuma ndi kukonza bwino kwa silage zinali zapamwamba kuposa za udzu ndi udzu zomwe zimakololedwa m'zaka zitatu zakukula. Kuyesa koyerekeza mtengo wa mphamvu ndi udzu ndi formic acid silage sikunawonetse kusiyana pakusintha mphamvu ya kagayidwe kachakudya kukhala mphamvu zonse. Kuphatikizika kwa formic acid ku udzu kungathandize kuteteza mapuloteni ake.
Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti mankhwala a formic acid pa udzu ndi nyemba amatha kupititsa patsogolo kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nayitrogeni mu silage, koma sikunakhudze kwambiri digestibility. Kuwonongeka kwa nayitrogeni wothira ndi formic acid mu rumen kumapangitsa pafupifupi 50 ~ 60% ya nayitrogeni yonse.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya formic acid silage mu rumen synthesis ya mapuloteni a thallus yachepetsedwa. Kuwonongeka kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zowuma mu rumen kunasintha kwambiriformic acid silage. Ngakhale formic acid silage ingachepetse kupanga ammonia, imathanso kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa mapuloteni mu rumen ndi matumbo.
4. Kusakaniza zotsatira za asidi formic ndi zinthu zina
4.1Formic acid ndi formaldehyde amasakanikirana popanga, ndi asidi formicyokhayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira silage, yomwe ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yowononga; Kusagaya chakudya ndi kuuma kwa ziweto kunachepa pamene silajiyo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri asidi formic. Kuchepa kwa formic acid kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa clostridium. Nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti kuphatikiza kwa formic acid ndi formaldehyde yokhala ndi ndende yochepa kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Formic acid imagwira ntchito ngati choletsa fermentation, pomwe formaldehyde imateteza mapuloteni kuti asawole kwambiri mu rumen.
Poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira, phindu la tsiku ndi tsiku linawonjezeka ndi 67 ndipo zokolola za mkaka zinawonjezeka powonjezera formic acid ndi formaldehyde. Hinks et al. (1980) adachita chisakanizo cha rygrassasidi formic silage (3.14g/kg) ndi formic acid (2.86g/kg) -formaldehyde (1.44g/kg), ndipo anayeza digestibility wa silage ndi nkhosa, ndipo anachita kuyesa kudyetsa ndi ng'ombe kukula. Zotsatira Panali kusiyana pang'ono pakugayidwa pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya silage, koma mphamvu yamagetsi ya formic-formaldehyde silage inali yayikulu kwambiri kuposaformic acid silage yekha. Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu komanso kupindula kwatsiku ndi tsiku kwa formic-formaldehyde silage kunali kokulirapo kuposa asidi formic silage yokha pamene ng'ombe zinkadyetsedwa silage ndipo balere ankawonjezeredwa ndi 1.5 kg patsiku. Chowonjezera chosakanikirana chokhala ndi 2.8ml/kg waasidi formic ndi mlingo wochepa wa formaldehyde (pafupifupi 19g/kg ya mapuloteni) ukhoza kukhala kuphatikiza kwabwino kwambiri mu mbewu zodyetserako ziweto.
4.2Formic acid kusakaniza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda Kuphatikiza kwaasidi formic ndi zowonjezera zachilengedwe zimatha kusintha kwambiri zakudya za silage. Udzu wa Cattail (DM 17.2) unagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira, formic acid ndi lactobacillus zinawonjezeredwa kwa silage. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti mabakiteriya a lactic acid amapangidwa kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa silage, omwe adathandizira kuletsa kuyanika kwa tizilombo toyipa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, lactic acid yomaliza mu silage inali yaikulu kwambiri kuposa ya silage wamba ndi formic acid silage, mlingo wa lactic acid unawonjezeka ndi 50 ~ 90, pamene zomwe zili mu propyl, butyric acid ndi ammonia nitrogen zinachepa kwambiri. . Chiŵerengero cha lactic acid kwa acetic acid (L/A) chinawonjezeka kwambiri, kusonyeza kuti mabakiteriya a lactic acid amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa nayonso mphamvu ya homogeneous pa silage.
5 Mwachidule
Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pamwambapa kuti kuchuluka koyenera kwa formic acid mu silaji kumakhudzana ndi mitundu ya mbewu ndi nthawi yokolola yosiyana. Kuphatikizika kwa formic acid kumachepetsa pH, ammonia nitrogen, ndikusunga shuga wambiri wosungunuka. Komabe, zotsatira za kuwonjezeraasidi formicpa digestibility wa organic matter ndi kachulukidwe ka ziweto zikuyenera kuwerengedwa mopitilira.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-06-2024